Of the common types of distribution system, which type is considered least desirable?

The tree distribution system is often regarded as the least desirable configuration among water distribution systems due to its inherent vulnerabilities. In a tree system, the layout resembles a branching structure, where water flows from a main trunk (the primary pipeline) down to smaller branches (secondary pipes) that serve individual customers. This design can lead to several issues, particularly in terms of reliability and maintenance.

One significant drawback of the tree system is its susceptibility to failures or repairs. If a break occurs in the main trunk or one of the branches, it may disrupt service to a larger number of users since there are no alternative routes for the water supply. This lack of redundancy means that a single point of failure can result in widespread outages, making the system less reliable than other configurations.

Additionally, the tree system can have inefficiencies in pressure distribution, particularly at the farthest reaches of the branches where ambient pressure may drop if there’s high demand. This situation can lead to insufficient water supply for some users while others closer to the source receive an adequate supply, which is not an ideal situation for service equity.

In contrast, other systems such as grid, loop, and radial configurations have design features that enhance reliability and operational efficiency. For instance, loop and grid systems offer multiple pathways